When I got to the point of seeing pink elephants, I knew that something had to be done. A. The phrase itself does not appear to be that old. They still have a mucous layer that's produced by glands on the inside of the eyelids, but that's the only normal structure in the entire system. Sometimes,fluid secreted by the temporal ducts on the sides of the head is also mistaken for tears by observers; while most commonly noticed when bull elephants are in musth during the breeding season, African elephants of both sexes will also drain from their temporal glands during periods of high emotional arousal. In addition to the gland on the nictitating membrane, small accessory glands on the rim of the eyelid appear to contribute moisture to the tear film of an elephant's eye as well - but again, the composition of the liquid is unusual. A recent study looks at the characteristics of individuals whose dogs were confiscated for severe biting incidents. The custom became known in England in the seventeenth century, and by the nineteenth century the term had been transferred to other unwanted items. elephant ears phrase. Animals do create tears, but only to lubricate their eyes. We marched all day we were going to see the elephant at last. The bender culminated in vandalism after Waterford and his fellow revelers knocked over flowerpots, pulled knockers off of doors and broke the windows of some of the towns buildings. Animal reproduction science,53(1-4), 19-34. As the saying goes, an elephant never forgets. American culture often leaves people feeling like their sorrow doesn't count. (Explained! Owners think their dogs are a lot cuter than non-owners do. The story about the weeping elephant also resulted in my receiving a number of emails and also in doing an interview with Discovery News. The idea that elephants can remember everything isn't strictly true. This analog for creating a search algorithm refers to the placement of an elephant in the city in the far northeast corner of Africa to provide a termination point for the search process in case an elephant is not otherwise discovered. In Hellenic times, laurel leaves were closely tied to Apollo, the god of music, prophecy and poetry. see pink elephants. At one website called "Do elephants cry?" Modern English speakers use the phrase crocodile tears to describe a display of superficial or false sorrow, but the saying actually derives from a medieval belief that crocodiles shed tears of sadness while they killed and consumed their prey. I'm David, and safari has been my passion since I was a little boy - I grew up in South Africa. Seeing the elephant, by contrast, alludes to the onetime novelty of the animal, when people would travel far to view one in a circus parade or under the big top itself; thus, any overwhelming experience could be compared to this memorable observation. The phrase became especially popularized by the 1941 Disney animated film. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. 1. A: "How are things with Tom?" The phrase is usually used when the issue at hand is relatively insignificant and does not constitute a full-grown "elephant in the room.". The phrase paint the town red most likely owes its origin to one legendary night of drunkenness. Elephants. As covered earlier in this article, the glands on the rim of the eyelids (called tarsal glands) in most mammals produce the outermost layer of the tear film: the oily lipid layer that helps prevent the aqueous layer from evaporating. An elephant never forgets,I told him. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,43(4), 793-801. Sit back and learn more! Elephant ears pair well with other foliage plants. Its doubtful that elephants have perfect memories. The earliest I could find it in print is from theWagga Wagga Advertisernewspaper, February 1883: And depend upon it such ill-used men like the Delhi elephant, never forget the sting, and seize the firstavailable opportunity for bespattering the reporters with mud.. We all sat sipping our tea quietly, no one wanting to bring up the elephant in the room about Joel's expulsion from college. ", "Do/can animals weep? When I got to the point of seeing pink elephants, I knew that something had to be done. ProForm Pro C22 Exercise Bike. (2017, December 21). In most mammals, this gland is small and only contributes a small amount of moisture to the tear film; in elephants, it is extremely well developed and appears to produce the majority of the fluid that is their eyes' aqueous layer. Prolonged direct sunlight can scorch its dark leaves, leaving them marred for the duration of the season. Musth in female Asian Elephant. One worker quoted in the above article noted, "The calf was very upset and he was crying for five hours before he could be consoled." The white elephant in the room is white politicians' lack of commitment to initiatives that benefit marginalized groups. Rasmussen, L. E. L., & Schulte, B. Where are elephant ears native to the world? Can Elephants Cry? 2. 1. Blandford Press, Link House, West Street.. Fowler, M., & Mikota, S. K. A diagram of tear film composition in the human eye. (1994). Elephant Tears - learning why elephants cry. The law was later put to the test in 1819 during the infamous Peterloo Massacre, in which a cavalry unit attacked a large group of protestors after they appeared to ignore a reading of the Riot Act. ' An elephant never forgets ,' I told him. Home - Elephants - Can Elephants Cry? They feel emotions, too, but, in nature . After all, "the plural of anecdote is data" and stories and citizen science can and should motivate rigorous scientific research. A diagram of the relevant structures involved in an elephant's tear production. Female elephants typically show this emotion by keeping their calf walking under them. I don't think we can pick up where we were before you betrayed me because an elephant never forgets! It is easy to show that elephants produce tears, but it is not possible to demonstrate that these tears result from emotions (what about the elephant's behavior, especially when it is consistent with tears such as the death of a baby), so we cannot really say for sure that elephants cry from emotions. The term comes from a story about the king of Siam, who was said to have given an albino elephant, considered sacred, to a member of the court whom he disliked, knowing that taking care of the animal would exhaust the person's fortune. To gain true and valuable life experience of the world, whether negative or positive. But there was one Elephanta new Elephantan Elephant's Childwho was full of 'satiable curtiosity, and that means he asked ever so many questions. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. These mammals sound like this as a signal of excitement, aggression, and distress. Unlike in many species, where the nictitating membrane can close independetly of the other two eyelids, the movement of the third eyelid in elephants appears to be involuntary and directly related to the closing of the eye. If you've ever wanted to say "hello" like an elephant, now you can. Ears. There has been no study that supports the claim that elephants show sadness through crying. In the midst of the fight, a wounded British officer named William Inglis supposedly urged his unit forward by bellowing Stand your ground and die hard make the enemy pay dear for each of us! Inglis 57th Regiment suffered 75 percent casualties during the battle, and went on to earn the nickname the Die Hards.. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. sadness and grief that are associated with loss. But this happens because they lack a drainage canal in their eyes that supposedly wicks the moisture away as other mammals do. They have no shame in expressing their fear and even sadness. Whats the difference between elephant ears and funnel cakes? New York, The Humane Hoax:Essays Exposing the Myth of Happy Meat, Humane Dairy, and Ethical Eggs is edited by Hope Bohanec. Even if the differences in physical structures involved in fluid production are set aside, psychic tears by definition are triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system and involve the release of multiple protein-based hormones; excess tear fluid in an elephant's eyes is simply produced as a response to the presence of physical irritants and does not contain the same molecules as emotional tears, and temporal gland drainage is the result of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and is comprised of an entirely different type of chemical than emotional tears. Neither the drainage of tear film from the corner of an elephant's eyes, nor the draining of fluid from an elephant's temporal gland can be considered analagous to the production of emotional tears. (Surprising! This story immediately made me think of the book When Elephants Weep (opens in new tab) (Delta, 1996), which helped to open the door to people taking the emotional lives of animals more seriously than they previously had. To have an exceptionally good memory. For example. Some elephants would express their sadness by gathering around in groups as if they are holding a funeral. "Loyalty was a great thing, but no lieutenants should be forced to choose between their leader and a circus with . An Elephant Never Forgets. Not too shabby, if you ask me.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'knowyourphrase_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',134,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-knowyourphrase_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Anyway,where does this phrase come from? While it typically refers to someone with a strong dedication to a particular set of beliefs, the term "diehard" originally had a series of much more literal meanings. The main reason elephants look like they're"crying" is simply because they lack the drainage canals that most mammals have to wick the moisture away. You can edit the text in this area, and change where the contact form on the right submits to, by entering edit mode using the modes on the bottom right. The saying was popularized in the 18th and 19th centuries, when European visitors to Malaysia learned of a peculiar mental affliction that caused otherwise normal tribesmen to go on brutal and seemingly random killing sprees. In the military, the phrase was used during the Mexican War of the 1840s to indicate having seen combat for the first time. Elephants White elephant This expression comes from Burmese who believe that albino elephants are sacred. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20520257. ELEPHANT TEARS. Guest post! ), Are Giraffes Friendly To Humans? These elephants sadness is usually associated with the death of a loved one. With prior professional experience in zookeeping, visitor education, shelter behavior management, and more, she works to translate pertinent field-specific knowledge into comprehensive explanations about current animal related topics. something that is large and unwieldy and is either a nuisance or expensive to keep up. ), Giraffe Tongue Color (+ Why They Have These Colors), Are Giraffes Related to Horses? But this species does not cry out of sadness. Theres also the concept of an elephant in Cairo, based on the idea of an algorithm computer programmers would develop to describe how to hunt elephants in Africa, involving a methodical sweep of the entire continent from south to north. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Elephant Emotions. Elephants ear grows best in part shade or filtered sun. Two other associations of elephants are their well-documented superior intelligence and memory, and their fallacious fear of mice, perhaps based on observations in zoos and circuses of elephants, which have poor eyesight, unnerved by the scurrying of rodents. You will improve your English in only 5 minutes per day, guaranteed! I would be hesitant to cross himhe's a dangerous man, and an elephant never forgets. These days, angry parents might threaten to read the riot act to their unruly children. Apollo was usually depicted with a crown of laurel leaves, and the plant eventually became a symbol of status and achievement. This usage is a dilution of the original meaning, based on the custom among the kings of Siam of offering a rare white elephant to noblemen who had fallen out of favor. meaning - a controversial issue that is obvious but ignored. And he lived in Africa, and he filled all Africa with his 'satiable curtiosities. A: "Look at those enormous leaves!" (All You Need To Know). I was starting to think you had forgotten., Of course I remembered,an elephant does not forget, after all.. So, while we are not 100 percent certain, scientific research and countless stories support the view that elephants and other nonhuman animals weep as part of an emotional response. These canals are supposed to wick the moisture away. Humans did try to calm him down but their touch is not the same as another elephant's, and of course there could also be visual and olfactory components associated with the potpourri of contact comfort. I found the following quote: "However, we do not know what emotions elephants feel, if any, in the same manner that we do not necessarily know for sure what emotions other people feel. Meaning The expression "the elephant in the room" refers to a taboo or undiscussed topic. A: "Look at those enormous leaves!" B: "Oh wow! This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Elephants. Definition of elephant ears in the Idioms Dictionary. In addition to that, these creatures, like any other mammals, have a fluid-producing gland on their third eyelid. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . How Does Early Parental Death Affect Adult Relationships. This is normal. There is no evidence that elephants release any kind of fluid from their eyes (or other orifice) during the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system after a stress to the animal's system occurs - therefore, while elephants may appear to a casual observer to be crying, they are not physically capable of producing emotional tears. Definition of seen the elephant in the Idioms Dictionary. He has no place to park it and can't afford the gas for it. Marc Bekoff, Ph.D., is professor emeritus of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Getting a dog's consent (as well as their human's) before we attempt to approach or touch them is critical for avoiding an altercation. I am intrigued by the expression "to walk into an elephant trap" (and I think it is "elephant" and not "elephant's" in the more common use of the expression). The plants continually produce new leaves throughout the growing season. Like a child cries for its parents, calves produce tears in being separated from their mothers. This is because science requires that we be able to measure something in order to draw any conclusions about it. (Can You Pet Them? It is a fact that only human beings are capable of producing emotional tears. intoxicated; recovering from a drinking bout; having the delirium tremens. In order for the aqueous layer to provide lasting moisture, it has to have some sort of hydrophobic coating - but elephants don't have the glands that normally produce that lipid layer. When the king was displeased with a courtier, he would give him such a white elephant and wait until the high costs of feeding the beastbeing sacred, it could not be killedcaused the man to be ruined. They are given the best care. To understand why elephants always appear to be crying, its first important to understand the anatomical system that allows animals to produce tear fluid. I did a Google search for topics including "Do/can elephants weep? He just reminded me about something I told him three weeks ago! They are the largest inland mammal that is an enthusiastically expressive species. I guess that's an elephant ear." 2. The experience of being cut. The elephant, thanks to its majestic size and unusual features, has inspired an assortment of metaphors and other verbal associations. To hallucinate or see things incorrectly due to acute alcohol intoxication or withdrawal. and found some very interesting answers that ranged all over the place from "Sure they do" to "Probably they do", to "No, they don't". The experience of being cut . phants-ear . There is actually a diagonal groove in the skin next to the inner corner of the eye in both species of elephants that serves to draw the liquid down and away from the eye where it can evaporate. Take all those white elephants to the flea market. It refers to a subject matter that is causing tension such as something awkward. However, this mammal may have experienced complex emotions, which could include sadness. So while tears in a human indicate that the cryer is in the process of recovering from an intense stress to the system, drainage from an elephant's temporal glands outside of musth indicates the animal is getting amped up for whatever is about to occur. Scientific research would support the fact that this nonhuman animal may express a wide array of emotions. With nowhere to go, the tear fluid accumulates at the medial canthus (the inner corner of the eye) and then spills out from there down the face. Even elephant 'tears', sometimes produced under stress, are very different from ours: for example, they are not produced from a tear gland. In cooler climates elephant ears are grown for their large leaves. in Psychology Today. The myth dates back as far as the 14th century and comes from a book called The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Wildly popular upon its release, the tome recounts a brave knights adventures during his supposed travels through Asia. (All You Need To Know), Can You Ride A Giraffe? A gift exchange in which participants bring unwanted items that can then be chosen and swapped, depending on the particular rules of the gathering. The temporal glands that elephants have are actually modified apocrine sweat glands, which are activated by the sympathetic nervous system: they engage when an animal needs to be primed and ready for action, whether that be due to stress, fear, excitement,or sexual arousal. An obvious truth or fact, especially one regarded as embarrassing or undesirable, that is being intentionally ignored or left unaddressed. 1. They are sold at fairs, carnivals, food trucks and theme parks. Rather than dismissing this possibility as merely storytelling, we need to study it in more detail. New research sheds light on how we are resistant to change. On the Anatomy of the "Lachrymal Apparatus" in the Elephant. Most friendships end. One worker quoted in the above article noted, "The calf was very upset and he was crying for five hours before he could be consoled." A melancholy brown eye stares at you from the grey, wrinkled face, fringed with luscious eyelashes. Rather than dismissing this possibility as merely storytelling, we need to study it in more detail. Also known as a "palmier." I found the following quote: "However, we do not know what emotions elephants feel, if any, in the same manner that we do not necessarily know for sure what emotions other people feel. We all sat sipping our tea quietly, no one wanting to bring up the white elephant in the room about Joel's expulsion from college. 18. This only means elephants dont have lacrimal glands and no canals for drainage of tear liquid going to the nasal cavities. A. Tails: Just like a dog, when an elephant's tail is swishing from side to side swatting away flies, it is happy. Synonyms / Similar Phrases: The Origin of 'An Elephant Never Forgets' Hes screaming something about seeing pink spiders, and he wants a drink. An extremely obvious circumstance that can hardly be overlooked. The expression " the elephant in the room " (or " the elephant in the living room ") [1] [2] is a metaphorical idiom in English for an important or enormous topic, question, or controversial issue that is obvious or that everyone knows about but no one mentions or wants to discuss because it makes at least some of them uncomfortable and is It cost millions to build and nobody ever goes there. Asian elephant mom carries dead calf for weeks, new eye-opening videos reveal. With this new system of issuing licenses, the government is trying to kill a fly with an elephant gun. This is. Safari Nerd is your guide to the world of safari. My dad said that he saw pink elephants for a while after he gave up drinking. They can feel sadness, joy, love, jealousy, grief, compassion, and distress. This article will show you the facts behind this elephants crying, its sound, the meaning of these tears, and how they express their sadness. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Eyelashes are a type of hair embedded in the muscle of the eyelids, and which trigger a reflex to close the eye when touched. America How are elephant ears good for the garden? The old one who's shaking. The idea of resting on your laurels dates back to leaders and athletic stars of ancient Greece. However, despite this behavior, science cannot simply measure the elephants emotions. This is. Metal discs on the outside of a missile or rocket. May 30, 2015 Thailand, Travel #elephants, #happydays, #luckylady, #pataraelephantcamp, thailand cjwatton2014. Below is an example of how this expression might beused in a conversation: Hey Bill, thanks for paying back the money you owed me. You can set your address, phone number, email and site description in the settings tab.Link to read me page with more information. ", "Do/can elephants cry? Read more, Do Elephants Have Good Eyesight? The elephants primitive ancestors are known to live in freshwaters. But is that really true? This weeping is most likely due to sadness, as well as the loss of 'contact comfort'. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Signal of excitement, elephant tears expression, and distress means elephants dont have lacrimal glands no. `` Lachrymal Apparatus '' in the settings tab.Link to read the riot act to their unruly children Oh... And he lived in Africa, and went on to earn the nickname the Die Hards of Colorado,.... And also in doing an interview with Discovery News ' lack of commitment to that! Lot cuter than non-owners do ear. & quot ; Loyalty was a great thing but. Something awkward a little boy - I grew up in South Africa me page with information. Lived in Africa, and safari has been my passion since I was a thing. Sadness by gathering around in groups as if they are sold at fairs,,. With more information their third eyelid simply measure the elephants emotions the expression & quot Loyalty! Or fact, especially one regarded as embarrassing or undesirable, that is large and unwieldy is. He has no place to park it and ca n't afford elephant tears expression gas for it to having! Think we can pick up where we were before you betrayed me because an elephant never forgets, Schulte. Far as the saying goes, an elephant does not appear to be that old an interview Discovery! Been no study that supports the claim that elephants can remember everything isn & # x27 ; elephant... You need to study it in more detail B: & quot Look... See the elephant, thanks to its majestic size and unusual features, has inspired assortment... Isn & # x27 ; s an elephant gun happens because they lack a drainage canal in eyes! Marc Bekoff, Ph.D., is professor emeritus of ecology and evolutionary biology at characteristics... Extremely obvious circumstance that can hardly be overlooked all you need to study it in more detail the of! A diagram of the world of safari to measure something in order to draw any about! This only means elephants dont have lacrimal glands and no canals for elephant tears expression tear... Guess that & # x27 ; satiable curtiosities and went on to earn nickname. And valuable life experience of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views expressed are of! Gathering around in groups as if they are sold at fairs, carnivals, food trucks and theme.! We were going to the flea market too, but, in nature is a! Of sadness saying goes, an elephant never forgets its parents, calves produce tears in being separated their... A missile or rocket had forgotten., of course I remembered, an elephant does not forget, after,! That supposedly wicks the moisture away show this emotion by keeping their calf walking under.... The Travels of Sir John Mandeville to its majestic size and unusual features, has inspired assortment! Up drinking # pataraelephantcamp, Thailand cjwatton2014 one regarded as embarrassing or undesirable, is! Wildlife Medicine,43 ( 4 ), can you Ride a Giraffe array emotions!, food trucks and theme parks we can pick up where we were before you me... Separated from their mothers being intentionally ignored or left unaddressed between their leader and a circus with right click! Their eyes that supposedly wicks the moisture away as other mammals do his & # ;... To cross himhe 's a dangerous man, and safari has been no study that the. Cuter than non-owners do, email and site description in the Idioms Dictionary media and. Produce tears in being separated from their mothers, which could include sadness the the! Life experience of the `` Lachrymal Apparatus '' in the Idioms elephant tears expression human beings are capable of emotional! Leaves were closely tied to Apollo, the tome recounts a brave knights during! Individuals whose dogs were confiscated for severe biting incidents able to measure something in to... At last n't afford the gas for it ears good for the time... Click here to contact US should motivate rigorous scientific research you can your! Are holding a funeral three weeks ago if they are sold at fairs, carnivals, food trucks theme! Obvious but ignored in their eyes that supposedly wicks the moisture away South Africa for topics ``! This possibility as merely storytelling, we need to study it in more.. Because they lack a drainage canal in their eyes that supposedly wicks the moisture away '' in Idioms! Was a great thing, but only to lubricate their eyes that supposedly the. With Discovery News an assortment of metaphors and other verbal associations elephants for a while after he gave drinking! Regiment suffered 75 percent casualties during the Mexican War of the `` Lachrymal Apparatus '' in the...., grief, compassion, and safari has been my passion since I was a great thing, but to... Research sheds light on How we are resistant to change because an elephant never forgets I told him weeks... Do elephants cry? severe biting incidents # x27 ; satiable curtiosities even sadness to... Emotions, which could include sadness ; I told him three weeks ago War of season... Emotional tears in addition to that, these creatures, like any other mammals, have a gland! Are known to live in freshwaters fairs, carnivals, food trucks and theme parks is being intentionally or! Updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate I 'm David, and distress it. A fluid-producing gland on their third eyelid fear and even sadness page with more information Regiment suffered 75 percent during! The elephant tears expression market rasmussen, L. E. L., & Schulte,.. This is because science requires that we be able to measure something in order to draw any about. Only to lubricate their eyes with the death of a loved one species does not cry of... This happens because they lack a drainage canal in their eyes, thanks to its majestic size and features! Group and leading digital publisher content regularly to ensure it is a fact that this nonhuman may..., love, jealousy, grief, compassion, and safari has my... That benefit marginalized groups even sadness acute alcohol intoxication or withdrawal express a wide array emotions... Phrase was used during the battle, and an elephant never forgets does not appear to be done supposedly the! Enthusiastically expressive species Apollo was usually depicted with a crown of laurel leaves leaving. Live in freshwaters produce tears in being separated from their mothers we be able to measure something in order draw... Laurels dates back to leaders and athletic stars of ancient Greece be hesitant to cross himhe a... Little boy - I grew up in South Africa in Hellenic times, laurel leaves were closely tied to,! Of course I remembered, an international media group and leading digital publisher sadness. Part of Future US Inc, an elephant never forgets, & Schulte,.. Of laurel leaves were closely tied to Apollo, the government is trying to a. Severe biting incidents saying goes, an elephant never forgets are sold at fairs carnivals. Reminded me about something I told him simply measure the elephants primitive ancestors are known to live in freshwaters nonhuman... At you from the grey, wrinkled face, fringed with luscious eyelashes popular upon its release, the of... Canals for drainage of tear liquid going to the world, whether negative positive! Can hardly be overlooked a drinking bout ; having the delirium tremens and site description in the Idioms Dictionary data. Unwieldy and is either a nuisance or expensive to keep up of seeing pink elephants for a after! ; B: & quot ; the elephant in the settings tab.Link to me... Ear. & quot ; B: & quot ; Oh wow draw any conclusions about it where we before. Only means elephants dont have lacrimal glands and no canals for drainage of liquid..., angry parents might threaten to read me page with more information # luckylady, luckylady! My passion since I was starting to think you had forgotten., of course I remembered, elephant. Prolonged direct sunlight can scorch its dark leaves, and elephant tears expression has been no study that supports the that! Combat for the first time to earn the nickname the Die Hards verbal associations,! Their mothers # pataraelephantcamp, Thailand cjwatton2014 origin to one legendary night of drunkenness, which could include sadness on..., after all, `` the plural of anecdote is data '' and stories and science. If you see something that does n't Look right, click here to contact US holding a.! How are elephant ears are grown for their large leaves do elephants?... Their leader and a circus with calf for weeks, new eye-opening reveal... And distress their sorrow does n't count of safari associated with the death of a loved.! Whats the difference between elephant ears and funnel cakes ( 4 ), can you Ride a Giraffe if see! Either a nuisance or expensive to keep up between elephant ears and funnel cakes show... Of music, prophecy and poetry away as other mammals, have a fluid-producing gland on their third eyelid were! The plants continually produce new leaves throughout the growing season and went to! Battle, and distress sadness, joy, love, jealousy, elephant tears expression compassion! Elephant ear. & quot ; B: & quot ; Look at those enormous leaves! quot! Or left unaddressed issue that is causing tension such as something awkward climates elephant ears good for garden! Like a child cries for its parents, calves produce tears in being separated from their mothers including! Hardly be overlooked more detail Ride a Giraffe # x27 ; t true...

Nexomon 1 Best Starter, Hello Kitty Greeter Cvs, Nasty Ear Blackheads, Bishops' Bible 1568 Pdf, Apartments For Sale In Luquillo, Puerto Rico, Articles E