Every day I meet young people whose disappointment with the church has turned into outright disgust. Clue & Answer Definitions. To view the suffering of others but to remain silent facilitates a world where men are separate, which he equates with sinfulness. You warmly commended the Birmingham police force for keeping order and preventing violence. I doubt that you would have so warmly commended the police force if you had seen its dogs sinking their teeth into unarmed, nonviolent Negroes. The protests began with to pressure business leaders to cease discrimination for employment and end segregation in public facilities, restaurants, Why would King express his apology in this way? Except for Jesus Christ, Socrates is the allusion Dr. King most often uses to make his point. Yes, these questions are still in my mind. Consciously or unconsciously, he has been caught up by the Zeitgeist, and with his black brothers of Africa and his brown and yellow brothers of Asia, South America and the Caribbean, the United States Negro is moving with a sense of great urgency toward the promised land of racial justice. But they have acted in the faith that right defeated is stronger than evil triumphant. what is the perspective of these people and why does it matter. First, it conforms to his ultimate purpose of justifying his cause as being in the name of justice. It is a marvelous mixture of logos and pathos. This Wait has almost always meant Never. We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that justice too long delayed is justice denied.. But the judgment of God is upon the church as never before. 403 likes. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all.. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" on April 16, 1963. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation. Here, Dr. King describes what happens when one relies on a law that exempts itself from moral responsibility. In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law, as would the rabid segregationist. I am sure that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of social analysis that deals merely with effects and does not grapple with underlying causes. Considering it was written in a situation so infused with racial issues, the Letter from Birmingham Jail is often strangely divorced from explicitly racial issues. He does not wish to validate his audiences deep-seeded fears - that the black movement is an extremist set that will engender violence. Over the past few years I have consistently preached that nonviolence demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek. You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. I'm not sure what you mean by "these people". All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. Thus, a moral man cannot simply suffer those laws because they are the law. Successful essay writing quizlet business plan writers in. So often the contemporary church is a weak, ineffectual voice with an uncertain sound. Soapstone is named for its "soapy" feel and notably contains the mineral talc. But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Simply put, he suggests that just laws uphold human dignity, while unjust laws demean it. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. This phrase, one of the letters most famous, serves several purposes. Rather than indicate what separates him from the other clergy, he calls them fellow clergymen, underlining one of the letters main themes: brotherhood. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. About mid-way through the Letter, Dr. King declares his primary antagonist as the white moderate. Further, he frequently uses their definitions to show how they are contradicting themselves. I have beheld the impressive outlines of her massive religious education buildings. Summary and Analysis. Letter From Birmingham Jail essays are academic essays for citation. Yes, I see the church as the body of Christ. Discuss Dr. Kings use of restraint in the Letter. What does it reveal about his purpose, and what is its effect? He is careful to stress that the tension he supports is nonviolent, but he does not make his intentions unclear. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Is organized religion too inextricably bound to the status quo to save our nation and the world? Writing process will be in this set forth in the best. One day the South will recognize its real heroes. In Birmingham, Alabama, in the spring of 1963, King's campaign to end segregation at lunch counters and in hiring practices drew nationwide attention when police turned dogs and fire hoses on the demonstrators. "Letter from Birmingham Jail" is addressed to several clergymen who had written an open letter criticizing the actions of Dr. King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during their protests in Birmingham. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. . The letter from the Birmingham jail of Martin Luther King, Jr. 1. collection of facts 2. negotiation 3. self-purification In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct action. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. However, he for the most part suggests that all men are responsible for all others, an idea that would not be as effective if the tone of the argument was too fiery and confrontational. Human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co workers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. Of course, this is overstating it somewhat, since he does define and contextualize the concept of extremism immediately before this passage, but there is nevertheless a self-satisfaction with his position here. The injustices that happen in Birmingham effect other places. Isnt this like condemning Socrates because his unswerving commitment to truth and his philosophical inquiries precipitated the act by the misguided populace in which they made him drink hemlock? I am in the rather unique position of being the son, the grandson and the great grandson of preachers. Thus it is that I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally wrong. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. By directing the text to peoples of so many backgrounds, and using their most celebrated figures to support his case, he makes it difficult for any person to view the overall argument as separate from him or his own culture or background. We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. But the latter consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. If You Choose To Obey A Law, You Won't Get Beat Up Nor Arrested By The Government. This marvelous collection of attributes is present from these very first words. But again I am thankful to God that some noble souls from the ranks of organized religion have broken loose from the paralyzing chains of conformity and joined us as active partners in the struggle for freedom. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct action campaign that was "well timed" in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. They have left their secure congregations and walked the streets of Albany, Georgia, with us. The other, Jesus Christ, was an extremist for love, truth and goodness, and thereby rose above his environment. I say this as a minister of the gospel, who loves the church; who was nurtured in its bosom; who has been sustained by its spiritual blessings and who will remain true to it as long as the cord of life shall lengthen. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. Abused and scorned though we may be, our destiny is tied up with Americas destiny. This passage is a rather concise description of the call to arms that lies within the "Letter from Birmingham Jail.". Smothering in an airtight cage of poverty. Their witness has been the spiritual salt that has preserved the true meaning of the gospel in these troubled times. Throughout his career, many critics of Dr. King argued that he was too deferential to the white authorities that facilitated segregation and other racist policies, but the tone here seems to serve several purposes. Similarly, the passage slyly integrates the stakes of inaction into its construction. Before closing I feel impelled to mention one other point in your statement that has troubled me profoundly. Full text of "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King, Jr. 16 April 1963 My Dear Fellow Clergymen: While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. Pick no more than two modes of appeal. But be assured that my tears have been tears of love. But the judgment of God is upon the church as never before. They have gone down the highways of the South on tortuous rides for freedom. However, because he stipulates that his audience is ostensibly interested in the virtue of justice, he argues that moderation allows them license to live in a sinfulness of inaction. The logical and well put together letter was written as a response to a statement in the newspaper, which was written by some clergymen. This is difference made legal. I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against outsiders coming in. I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. Individuals must actively seek to create the world they want, since there is no inevitable sense of fate that . The "Letter, from Birmingham Jail" is a smooth reaction to ''A Call for Unity.'' 866-206-0994. I cannot join you in your praise of the Birmingham police department. How does the discussion of group immorality relate to the letters overall purpose? While in the Birmingham City jail, Martin Luther King, Jr. had little access to the outside world, and was only able to read "A Call to Unity" when a trusted friend smuggled the newspaper into his jail cell. In the course of the negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchantsfor example, to remove the stores humiliating racial signs. The purpose of our direct action program is to create a situation so crisis packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation. I wish you had commended the Negro sit inners and demonstrators of Birmingham for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation. They have carved a tunnel of hope through the dark mountain of disappointment. But again I have been disappointed. By the end, he is no longer arguing, but telling his audience that change will come, and that they should join him not because he needs them, but because they need it so as to not avoid later regret over their cowardice and sinfulness. When he explains the many distinctions that support his cause such as the differences between just and unjust laws, violence and nonviolence, or just means and unjust ends he is implicitly suggesting that the clergymen are too dense to realize the nuances of the situation they have so openly criticized. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., his Southern Christian Leadership Conference and their partners in the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights led a campaign of protests . Throughout the Letter, Dr. King is careful to measure his tone, to avoid validating any knee-jerk anxieties that his audience might feel. They are still all too few in quantity, but they are big in quality. Based on the arguments he makes and the stipulations he assumes, it is possible to construct the audience he means to be affected by this letter: a moderate, white, generally moral but conflicted group. By suggesting that he would have broken Nazi laws because they were unjust, he challenges his audience to do the same with segregation laws. First is his argument that all men are interrelated, and responsible for one another. Let us consider a more concrete example of just and unjust laws. Yes, they have gone to jail with us. Though this passage comes earlier than the explicit discussion of the white moderate, it is one of the clearest articulations of the accusation he makes against them. King is expressing his apology for the demonstrations themselves, but he is not apologizing for the reasons and purposes behind the demonstrations. This "Wait" has almost always meant "Never." If one recognizes this vital urge that has engulfed the Negro community, one should readily understand why public demonstrations are taking place. We will win our freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands.. Arguably the most sophisticated section of the Letter is Dr. Kings distinction between just and unjust laws. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Dr. Kings tone as he begins his letter is remarkably restrained. Presupposing that his audience accepts the virtue of morality (and more specifically, of Judeo-Christian morality), Dr. King illustrates that unjust laws demean all men, the oppressed and oppressor both. This is sameness made legal. One of the basic points in your statement is that the action that I and my associates have taken in Birmingham is untimely. Paul Tillich has said that sin is separation. If nothing else, Letter from Birmingham Jail is a masterpiece of pointed passive aggression. Preceding this passage, he explains his disappointment, arguing that the church merely validates an unjust status quo, rather than being a force for social change and human betterment, an active part of the struggle for mans dignity in a cruel world. There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. He is clearly addressing people who represent the power class, but assumes in several arguments that they support the ideals of justice, at least on the surface. And yet this address announces his purpose loud and clear: he aims not to attack but to explain. More books than SparkNotes. Site by Barrel. Dr. King, p. 178. Of course, there is nothing new about this kind of civil disobedience. More books than SparkNotes. "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We bring it out in the open, where it can be seen and dealt with. A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away and the deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our fear drenched communities, and in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty. In what ways do Dr. Kings repeated references to Socrates help to elucidate his overall approach? We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So let him march; let him make prayer pilgrimages to the city hall; let him go on freedom rides -and try to understand why he must do so. The Question and Answer section for Letter From Birmingham Jail is a great Perhaps I was too optimistic; perhaps I expected too much. Now is the time to lift our national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of human dignity. Opening through "I have organizational ties here. The movie should analyze a sample piece, identify all the SOAPS parts in the piece, and create a sample introduction with a strong thesis to answer the question \"How does Martin Luther King Jr. use effective rhetoric to persuade his audience?.\" Preview the introductory paragraph with me before filming. Rhetorical Triangle SOAPSo Speakero Occasiono Audience o Purposeo Subjecto Tone (brief overview, as group 6 will cover) Author's purpose Thesis But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms. 1. I had hoped that the white moderate would see this need. A Letter in Pieces. The question is not whether we will be extremist, but what kind of extremists we will be. If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. Summary: "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Furthermore, you'll understand how he used ethos, logos, and pathos to pass his message to the people. One may well ask: How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. And yet he does not carry this restraint to the point of apologizing for encouraging tension. Was not Jesus an extremist for love: Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you. Was not Amos an extremist for justice: Let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever flowing stream. Was not Paul an extremist for the Christian gospel: I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus. Was not Martin Luther an extremist: Here I stand; I cannot do otherwise, so help me God. And John Bunyan: I will stay in jail to the end of my days before I make a butchery of my conscience. And Abraham Lincoln: This nation cannot survive half slave and half free. And Thomas Jefferson: We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal . In at least 750 words, explain which of these modes of appeal you personally find to be the most effective in King's "Letter," and why. In other cases, he uses unimpeachable figures like Jesus Christ or Abraham Lincoln to illustrate the basic way in which the clergymen are acting hypocritically. I hope, sirs, you can understand our legitimate and unavoidable impatience. He writes: All Christians know that the colored people will receive equal rights eventually, but it is possible that you are in too great a religious hurry. Thus, the clergymen and the white moderate society that the represent should not only celebrate Dr. Kings attempt to bring about justice, but join in the crusade. And I am further convinced that if our white brothers dismiss as rabble rousers and outside agitators those of us who employ nonviolent direct action, and if they refuse to support our nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes will, out of frustration and despair, seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologiesa development that would inevitably lead to a frightening racial nightmare. "Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay Questions". In the letter, King appeals for unity against racism in society, while he wants to fight for Human Rights, using ethos. I have just received a letter from a white brother in Texas. There's a little bit of everything in "Letter from Birmingham Jail": Dr. King makes an appeal to his readers' hearts and heads while alluding to the moral authority of the Christian tradition, American ideals, and the collective suffering of the African American community.Let's check out each one more closely.EthosAside from introducing himself Martin Luther King 's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" is the most important written document of the civil rights era. Martin Luther Kings' Use of Pathos and Logos More and more I feel that the people of ill will have used time much more effectively than have the people of good will. More and more I feel that the people of ill will have used time much more effectively than have the people of good will. Yes, I love the church. Instead, he embraces and justifies the importance of tension. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. Overall, the discussion of group immorality supports his purpose of encouraging individual action in the face of injustice, and criticizing those who do not support such individual action for fear of upsetting the status quo. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. ", I must make two honest confessions. through now this approach is being termed extremist., But though I was initially disappointed through embodied in our echoing demands., Read the Study Guide for Letter From Birmingham Jail, Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From a Birmingham Jail, We Are in This Together: Comparing "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and "Sonny's Blues", Fighting Inequality with the Past: A Look into "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" and Related Historical Documents, A Question of Appeal: Rhetorical Analysis of Malcolm X and MLK, View our essays for Letter From Birmingham Jail, Introduction to Letter From Birmingham Jail, View the lesson plan for Letter From Birmingham Jail, View Wikipedia Entries for Letter From Birmingham Jail. Two were extremists for immorality, and thus fell below their environment. ", "But more basically, I am in Birmingham" through "live in monologue rather than dialogue. And yet little by little, it becomes clear that Dr. King intends this statement for a much larger audience. Discuss Dr. Kings use of allusions throughout the text. Dr. King tells the clergymen that he was upset about their criticisms, and that he wishes to address their concerns. I also hope that circumstances will soon make it possible for me to meet each of you, not as an integrationist or a civil-rights leader but as a fellow clergyman and a Christian brother. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. The argument lays the groundwork for the Letter to pose a call to individual action, a defense of those who stand up and sacrifice themselves and their comfort in the name of freedom and justice. While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities unwise and untimely. Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. This passage is a rather concise description of the call to arms that lies within the Letter from Birmingham Jail. Arguing that time is neutral, Dr. King illustrates the importance of individual action. He makes this point explicitly in the early part of the Letter. This argument supports his defense of civil disobedience, allows him to criticize the church for supporting the status quo rather than empowering crusaders for change, and supports the idea that law must reflect morality since it might otherwise be designed solely for the comfort of the majority. While Mr. Boutwell is a much more gentle person than Mr. Connor, they are both segregationists, dedicated to maintenance of the status quo. Isnt negotiation a better path? You are quite right in calling for negotiation. Keeping with the more confrontational tone of the letters second half, Dr. King launches into an attack on the complacency of the contemporary church. 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